Physically, MRI is based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon, described first by Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell in 1946, and primarily it was used to study molecular structure and dynamics within the fields of physics and chemistry. Only 30 years ago, Lauterbur and Mansfield, introduced the MRI to obtain clinical images.
A rigorous description of the physics of NMR requires some quantum mechanics knowledge, however a classical approach of nuclear system is sufficient to describe most of the relevant phenomena.
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